The History of Greek Theater Essay Example For Students

The History of Greek Theater Essay Theater and drama in Ancient Greece took form in about 5th century BCE, with the Sopocles, the great writer of tragedy. In his plays and those of the same genre, heroes and the ideals of life were depicted and glorified. It was believed that man should live for honor and fame, his action was courageous and glorious and his life would climax in a great and noble death. Originally, the heros recognition was created by selfish behaviors and little thought of service to others. As the Greeks grew toward city-states and colonization, it became the destiny and ambition of the hero to gain honor by serving his city. We will write a custom essay on The History of Greek Theater specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The second major characteristic of the early Greek world was the supernatural. The two worlds were not separate, as the gods lived in the same world as the men, and they interfered in the mens lives as they chose to. It was the gods who sent suffering and evil to men. In the plays of Sophocles, the gods brought about the heros downfall because of a tragic flaw in the character of the hero. In Greek tragedy, suffering brought knowledge of worldly matters and of the individual. Aristotle attempted to explain how an audience could observe tragic events and still have a pleasurable experience. Aristotle, by searching the works of writers of Greek tragedy, Aeschulus, Euripides and Sophocles whose Oedipus Rex he considered the finest of all Greek tragedies, arrived at his definition of tragedy. This explanation has a profound influence for more than twenty centuries on those writing tragedies, most significantly Shakespeare. Aristotles analysis of tragedy began with a description of the effect such a work had on the audience as acatharsis or purging of the emotions. He decided that catharsis was the purging of two specific emotions, pity and fear. The hero has made a mistake due to ignorance, not because of wickedness or corruption. Aristotle used the word hamartia, which is the tragic flaw or offense committed in ignorance. For example, Oedipus is ignorant of his true parentage when he commits his fatal deed. Oedipus Rex is one of the stories in a three-part myth called the Thebian cycle. The structure of most all Greek tragedies is similar to Oedipus Rex. Such plays are divided in to five parts, the prologue or introduction, the prados or entrance of the chorus, four episode or acts separates from one another by stasimons or choral odes, and exodos, the action after the last stasimon. These odes are lyric poetry, lines chanted or sung as the chorus moved rhythmically across the orchestra. The lines that accompanied the movement of the chorus in one direction were called strophe, the return movement was accompanied by lines called antistrophe. The choral ode might contain more than one strophe or antistrophe. Greek tragedy originated in honor of the god of wine, Dionysus, the patron god of tragedy. The performance took place in an open-air theater. The word tragedy is derived from the termtragedia or goat-song, named for the goat skins the chorus wore in the performance. The plots came from legends of the Heroic Age. Tragedy grew from a choral lyric, as Aristotle said, tragedy is largely based on lifes pity and splendor. Plays were performed at dramatic festivals, the two main ones being the Feast of the Winepress in January and the City Dionysia at the end of March. The Proceeding began with the procession of choruses and actors of the three competing poets. A herald then announced the poets names and the titles of their plays. On this day it was likely that the image of Dionysus was taken in a procession from his temple beside the theater to a point near the road he had once taken to reach Athens from the north, then it was brought back by torch light, amid a carnival celebration, to the theater itself, where his priest occupied the central seat of honor during the performances. On the first day of the festival there were contests between the choruses, five of men and five of boys. Each chorus consisted of fifty men or boys. On the next three days, a tragic tetralogy group made up of four pieces, a trilogy followed by a satyric drama was performed each morning. This is compared to the Elizabethan habit of following a tragedy with a jig. During the Peloponnesian Wars, this was followed by a comedy each afternoon. The Father of the drama was Thesis of Athens, 535 BC, who created the first actor. The actor performed in intervals between the dancing of the chorus and conversing at times with the leader of the chorus. .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 , .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .postImageUrl , .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 , .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:hover , .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:visited , .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:active { border:0!important; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:active , .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50 .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua96ee7ed691c193bb9a9477128b0cf50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Development of the Novel EssayThe tragedy was further developed when new myths became part of the performance, changing the nature of the chorus to a group appropriate to the individual story. A second actor was added by Aeschylus and a third actor was added by Sophocles, and the number of the chorus was fixed at fifteen. The chorus part was gradually reduced, and the dialogue of the actors became increasingly important. The word chorus meant dance or dancing ground, which was how dance evolved into the drama. Members of the chorus were characters in the play who commented on the action. They drew the audience into the play and reflected the audiences reactions. The Greek plays were performed in open-air theaters. Nocturnal scenes were performed even in sunlight. The area in front of the stages was called the orchestra, the area in which the chorus moved and danced. There was no curtain and the play was presented as a whole with no act or scene divisions. There was a building at the back of the stage called a skene, which represented the front of a palace or temple. It contained a central doorway and two other stage entrances, one at the left and the other at the right, representing the country and the city. Sacrifices were performed at the altar of Dionysus, and the chorus performed in the orchestra, which surrounded the altar. The theatron, from where the word theater is derived, is where the audience sat, built on a hollowed-out hillside. Seated of honor, found in the front and center of the theatron, were for public officials and priests. he seating capacity of the theater was about 17,000. The audience of about 14,000 was lively, noisy, emotional and unrestrained. They ate, applauded, cheered, hissed, and kicked their wooden seats in disgust. Small riots were known to break out if the audience was dissatisfied. Women were allowed to be spectators of tragedy, and probably even comedy. Admission was free or nominal, and the poor were paid for by the state. The Attic dramatists, like the Elizabethans, had a public of all classes. Because of the size of the audience, the actors must also have been physically remote. The sense of remoteness may have been heightened by masked, statuesque figures of the actors whose acting depended largely on voice gestures and grouping. Since there were only three actors, the same men in the same play had to play double parts. At first, the dramatists themselves acted, like Shakespeare. Gradually, acting became professionalized. Simple scenery began with Sophocles, but changes of scene were rare and stage properties were also rare, such as an occasional altar, a tomb or an image of gods. Machinery was used for lightning or thunder or for lifting celestial persons from heaven and back, or for revealing the interior of the stage building. This was called deus ex machina, which means god from the machine, and was a technical device that used a metal crane on top of the skene building, which contained the dressing rooms, from which a dummy was suspended to represent a god. This device was first employed by Euripides to give a miraculous conclusion to a tragedy. In later romantic literature, this device was no longer used and the miracles supplied by it were replace by the sudden appearance of a rich uncle, the discovery or new wills, or of infants changed at birth. Many proprieties of the Greek plays were attached to violence. Therefore, it was a rule that acts of violence must take place off stage. This carried through to the Elizabethan theater which avoided the horrors of men being flayed alive or Glousters eyes being put out in full view of an audience King Lear. When Medea went inside the house to murder her children, the chorus was left outside, chanting in anguish, to represent the feelings the chorus had and could not act upon, because of their metaphysical existence. The use of music in the theater began very simply consisting of a single flute player that accompanied the chorus. Toward the close of the century, more complicated solo singing was developed by Euripides. There could-then be large-scale spectacular events, with stage crowds and chariots, particularly in plays by Aeschylus. Greek comedy was derived from two different sources, the more known being the choral element which included ceremonies to stimulate fertility at the festival of Dionysus or in ribald drunken revel in his honor. The term comedy is actually drawn from komos, meaning song of revelry. The second source of Greek comedy was that from the Sicilian mimes, who put on very rude performances where they would make satirical allusions to audience members as they ad-libbed their performances. In the beginning, comedy was frank, indecent and sexual. The plots were loosely and carelessly structured and included broad farce and buffoonery. .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 , .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .postImageUrl , .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 , .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:hover , .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:visited , .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:active { border:0!important; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:active , .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41 .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u555db98ce37fb735099a42ed3a433b41:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animation History and Forms EssayThe performers were coarse and obscene while using satire to depict important contemporary moral, social and political issues of Athenian life. The comedy included broad satire of well known persons of that time. Throughout the comedic period in Greece, there were three distinctive eras of comedies as the genre progressed. Old comedy, which lasted from approximately 450 to 400 BCE, was performed at the festivals of Dionysus following the tragedies. There would be contests between three poets, each exhibiting one comedy. Each comedy troupe would consist of one or two actors and a chorus of twenty-four. The actors wore masks and soccus, or sandals, and the chorus often wore fantastic costumes. Comedies were constructed in five parts, the prologue, where the leading character conceived the happy idea, the parodos or entrance of the chorus, the agon, a dramatized debate between the proponent and opponent of the happy idea where the opposition was always defeated, the parabasis, the coming forth of the chorus where they directly addressed the audience and aired the poets views on most any matter the poet felt like having expressed, and the episodes, where the happy idea was put into practical application. Aristotle highly criticized comedy, saying that it was just a ridiculous imitation of lower types of man with eminent faults emphasized for the audiences pleasure, such as a mask worn to show deformity, or for the man to do something like slip and fall on a banana peel. Aristophanes, a comic poet of the old comedy period, wrote comedies which came to represent old comedy, as his style was widely copied by other poets. In his most famous works, he used dramatic satire on some of the most famous philosophers and poets of the era. In The Frogs he ridiculed Euripides, and in The Clouds he mocked Socrates. His works followed all the basic principles of old comedy, but he added a facet of cleverness and depth in feeling to his lyrics, in an attempt to appeal to both the emotions and intellect of the audience. Middle comedy, which dominated from 400 to 336 BCE, was very transitional, having aspects of both old comedy and new comedy. It was more timid than old comedy, having many less sexual gestures and innuendoes. It was concerned less with people and politics, and more with myths and tragedies. The chorus began its fade into the background, becoming more of an interlude than the important component it used to be. Aristophanes wrote a few works in middle comedy, but the most famous writers of the time were Antiphanes of Athens and Alexis of Thurii, whose compositions have mostly been lost and only very few of their found works have been full extant plays. In new comedy which lasted from 336 to 250 BCE, satire is almost entirely replaced by social comedy involving the family and individual character development, and the themes of romantic love. A closely knit plot in new comedy was based on intrigue, identities, relationships or a combination of these. A subplot was often utilized as well. The characters in new comedy are very similar in each work, possibly including a father who is very miser like, a son who is mistreated but deserving, and other people with stereotypical personas. The chief writer of new comedy was Menander, and as with the prominent writers of the middle comedic era, most of his works have been lost, but other dramatists of the time period, like Terence and Platus, had imitated and adapted his methods. Menanders The Curmudgeon is the only complete extant play known by him to date, and it served as the basis for the later Latin writers to adapt. Adventure, brilliance, invention, romance and scenic effect, together with delightful lyrics and wisdom, were the gifts of the Greek theater. These conventions strongly affected subsequent plays and playwrights, having put forth influence on theater throughout the centuries.

Progress of Technology essays

Progress of Technology essays Personal computers were officially introduced just around 15 years ago and already changed our lives dramatically. People that were born around that time rely on computers a lot more than older generations. We use computers for just about everything like instant messaging, games, homework, music and e-mail; just to name a few. I think that advances in technology and, therefore, computers have mostly a positive effect on humans. They replace peoples jobs and do them millions of times faster. We wouldnt be able to launch any spaceships if it wasnt for the computer helping humans control it. Homework and research would take hours to complete because you would have to look for different sources everywhere and now you just log onto the internet and all known encyclopedias are at your fingertips. Computers these days can be found everywhere from being the brain of new cars and helping you drive without getting lost to just sitting on your arm and telling you the correct time. A computer isn't just the thing that sits on your desk to be used for word processing. They are amazing machines able to do things some people don't even think possible. Computers are helping humans live. They take off many responsibilities so people just watch the numbers on the screen and not worry about anything else as the computer does the rest. Computers also save lives. SWAT teams use them inside radio controlled robots that can disarm all sorts of bombs or even serve as a camera to go through small spaces that people can't get through. A computer is something not to be underestimated. Computers are not only becoming faster every day but they are also becoming smaller. Around 40 years ago, computers were as big as several rooms and needed thousands of times more power than a personal computer today. All they could do was simple arithmetic operations that nowadays can be performed on any tiny hand-held calculator. Soon people will carry their...

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 21

Essay Example It might not help in generating additional revenues in the short-run. But, it can enhance employee productivity in the long-run through maintaining a healthy relation with them and becoming responsible for their personal well-being. Again, through maintaining a good customer relation, the company can create a positive image in the society that will definitely help it in winning customer loyalty. Moreover, a good image can help a company in preventing implementations of government regulations on its activities that are sometimes known to be a consequence of popular public demands. This paper however, concentrates upon corporate social responsibilities, i.e., a corporate house’s concern towards environmental sustainability and climate changes and the strategies that a corporate should adopt to protect them (Social Responsibility and Organizational Ethics, 2001). Environmental sustainability implies the measures that an organisation can take for the purpose of environmental protection and thus social welfare. It becomes a very important aspect of corporate responsibility since the well-being of the entire population as well as the future generation depends on it. Some important terminology being used in this paper while discussing the strategies that a company should ideally undertake for environmental protection and making room for climate changes are – Natural Resources – these are resources that are found in nature and are not necessary to be created artificially. Natural Resources can be of two types – exhaustible and inexhaustible. The former ones are those that cannot be restored once they are spent and hence need to be used with much care and concern. On the other hand, inexhaustible resources are those that could be restored and thus do not have a diminishing stock. So, it becomes an important corporate responsibility to protect these exhaustible natural resources and make as little use as possible of them, since everything in our nature

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 10

Business Ethics - Essay Example Marine Stewardship Council is a nonprofit organization that has dedicated its operations to ensure sustainable fishing (MSC, 1998). Their mission states, that they are focused, contribute towards the health of the oceans and bring about environmental and economic benefit. This paper seeks to discuss the Corporate Social Responsibility undertaken by Walmart and explain the theories by Levy and Kaplans on the same. In addition, the paper will discuss how the initiative has offered opportunities for civil regulation in reference to the Levy and Kaplans framework. MSC was set up in London in 1997. Since MSC was inception, it has experienced rapid growth and focused on its role in promoting sustainable fisheries. The organization is able to counter this through the establishment of concrete criteria and principles for fisheries assessment. To ensure credibility, MSC follows the UNFAO guidelines that govern eco labeling of fish and any products related from the marine capture fisheries. MSC takes the role of an accreditor and facilitator through provision of a framework and guidelines regarding sustainable fishery. Most at times, the organization does not involve itself in the whole physical process of certifying fisheries; they focus on endorsing the list of ASI (Accreditation Services International) for the companies that show capability of engaging in the process. In 2006, Walmart announced the availability of MSC product in their stores. Walmart is one of the largest American multinational retail corporations whose main significance is to help people save money and live better lives within the global context. It came into operation in the early 1960s having been founded by  Douglas McMillon, operates a chain of stores, and warehouses whose main headquarters are in Arkansas. Walmart operates in close to thirty countries all over the world and has various business units  that seek to make a difference in the community.  Moreover, Walmart observes the

Business and social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and social Responsibility - Essay Example Since, they have to face the end users, their stake is quite critical. Each stakeholder of the company is as important as the other. The management is responsible for the overall strategy and production enhancement of the company. They are also responsible to take care of their workers and their channel partners. At the same time they have a social responsibility to the area where they are operating. Their decision is crucial for the future of the rest of the stakeholders and dependants. They need cooperation from the workers as well as the distributors and stockists, which will help them to increase their productivity and sales. It is up to them how they wish to run the company and what issues and objections they need to overcome. The issues could be varied and may not have direct relation to the company’s primary objective, which is turnover and profitability. Similarly the workers have a huge role to play in the organization, since they are the only source of manpower in the area. It is a coexistent for both the groups. Each of the group is dependant on the other for their existence. They are responsible for the efficient productivity at the plant and their decision is important for the company to survive and grow. But they also need to be aware of their well being and the effect it will have in Teesside. Also, their cooperation and understanding of the company’s requirements is essential, so as to come to a consensus with the management. The same applies for the distributors, who must ensure the availability of the company’s product at their sales point. They are the direct contact point for the company to the end user and they are to ensure a positive image to the customers. Hence, any negative vibe or feelings of the customer needs to communicated to the company. If one considers the ethical issues surrounding Chemdex Chemicals, then we need to understand the difference between ethical and unethical business practice.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn In his episodic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain fabricates a journey as the platform for the narrators symbolic rite of passage. The protagonist, Huckleberry Finn, discovers the true colors of his individuality, as he voyages through his many adventures and gains priceless experiences. While he matures and advances, Huck discards his disposition as an ignorant and juvenile adolescent craving for joy and peril and becomes a man, being able to firmly identify and establish his morals and ethics. During this intricate process, he develops a comradeship with a Jim, a runaway slave, ultimately learning the true horrors of the flawed society, in which he lives in. As a role in Hucks learning process, Mark Twain realistically utilizes the social perception of whites during the time period to assist Huck in discovering the blemishes of slavery, rejecting many critics assumption that he is a racist. Huck, a thirteen-year-old son of a drunkard, is recurrently strained to survive on his own wits where sometimes it contradicts societys standards and laws. As he seems to trek down the Mississippi River, he also journeys down his inner mentality, as Huck encounters challenges between his social conscience and individual conscience. Huck always seems to look up to the educated, the high and mid-class. He appeared to make himself believe that his judgment was inferior or abased to theirs because he was illiterate, and not truly part of society or a civilized human being. He blindly follows Tom Sawyer, due to the fact that he was educated and brought up in a refined urbane setting. As the novel opens, Huck is forced to be integrated in society and civilization. Though he struggles, he persuades himself to sublime in. In the beginning, Huck is perplexed by the fatuous purpose of religion. As Widow Douglas and Miss. Watson try very hard to reform Huck to become sivilize, he doesnt see the purpose of heaven and hell. Its these first signs of society (religion) that plays an impact on Huck, where he makes a connection that his actions will determine his destination after death. Huck also can be portrayed as an innate philosopher, where he is very skeptical of the societal dogmas (religion) and in fact perceives these ideas in his own ways, as he tries to reform. This is seen with Hucks idea that hell might actually be a better place than the Widow Douglass heaven. Thus this issue only engenders Hucks moral development. When Huck encounters Jim on Jacksons island, and attends his story of a runaway slave, Huck sees Jim as a human being rather than a slave. Huck feels empathy and remorse, as he hears Jims sad tale of his family being ripped apart. Huck, who just wasnt able to properly fully mold with society, and Jim, a run-away slave, both were alienated from society in fundamental ways. Both now in some form freed from the insincerity and injustice of society, but knew this would not last long. When Huck realizes that his fate was wrapped around Jims, he questions the morality of helping a run-away slave, this in which was against law, and breaking a law would lead him to hell. More subtly, Twain criticize the American South for its phony romanticism and hypocritical Christianity. Huck decries the idea that the Christianity of the South is a living contradiction. Huck does not comprehend the fact how society accepts slavery yet ignores the Biblical notion of the equality of all believers. (The Adve ntures of Huckleberry Finn pg1). Nonetheless, Huck conceded and acknowledged that he would go to hell, in which a sacrifice he was willing to make. In further context, Twain in his works is not a racist. In the manner he depicts Jim as a real person, who carries feelings and emotions, shows in fact that Twain is an opponent of slavery. Huck had the common sense to see how slavery was a genuine blight to humanity. Contrarily the so called sophisticated society accepted it, even the good people such as Miss. Watson. Huck matures further as he breaks that mask that society gave Jim, and accepts him as a normal person. Huck refers to Jim, I knowed he was white inside. (Twain, pg 46). It shows how Huck, who was brought up in a very bigoted section of the country, that ingested all the hypocrisy of slavery, was still able to transcend it by just knowing this one nigger, Jim. Furthermore, Hucks character changes as Jim teaches him about friendship. Their relationship becomes tighter, after the Hucks joke about him never had gone missing in the fog. Huck learns that Jim is a person is with feelings, and ultimately Jim induces this movement into Hucks maturity. This is the critical point of Hucks transformation, where Huck apologizes to Jim. Hucks voyage down the Mississippi taught him much, but was mainly a frolic. But once it resumes, when Huck is taken up the Grangerfords, he journeys to the dark side of American civilization. The benevolent family who offer Huck to stay is in a burning feud between another family, the Shepherdsons. Twain uses these two families to employ in some deriding absurdity and to mock an overly romanticizes ideas about family honor. Ultimately, the families sensationalized feud gets many of them killed. Huck truly refutes society once he saw his new friend Buck, be shot and killed. Twain uses this incident to comment on all systems of principle that rebuffs the humanity of another set of people. Huck becomes befuddled in this episode. The Grangerfords are a mix of contradictions where they treat Huck well, but they own slaves and behave more foolishly with other family by killing one other. Is this what society dawns upon? In the denouement, Huck transmogrifies into a full adolescent who now truly believes in his values, and deems that it should not be tractable and tarnished by societys laws. Near the conclusion of the novel, Huck and Tom make an attempt to free Jim who is held captured. After Toms ludicrous plan fails, everyone learns that Jim was actually a free man for weeks (because Miss. Watson, in her will, allow Jim to be free when she died). This idea of freeing a free black man had a special resonance at the time Twain wrote this novel. Blacks during this time had much trouble integrating with society because of the racial subordination that was still present preceding the Civil War. Work Cited The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay. Novelguide.com. December 14, 2009. . Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. United States: Bantum Books, Inc., 1884.

Papaya :: Health, Food Safety

Our results of PRSV CP digestibility in gastro-intestinal fluids as well as bioinformatic analysis have shown that the transgene CP protein expressed in Rainbow and SunUp papaya is not allergenic. The PRSV CP is the major protein expressed in Rainbow papaya along with widely used nptII and GUS plant transformation markers. Here we will discuss about CP protein only as food safety of NPTII and GUS have been addressed elsewhere (24-26). The prediction of allergenicity of novel proteins are based on either bioinformatic and/or experimental approaches (6, 7). Following the bioinformatics analysis, PRSV CP did not show significant similarity to known allergenic proteins based on the criterion of an eight amino acid identical match (27). However, we performed more stringent similarity search criterion of a six amino acid identity match to the query CP sequences which identified only five entries in the SDAP database. Although we identified very small number of matches to known allergens based on a six amino acid similarity search, numerous reports indicate that the high percentage of allergenic proteins identified using this criterion are false positives (31, 32) and thus in practice does not accurately predict allergenic proteins. A computer based allergenicity prediction report by Kleter and Peijnenburg (28) identified a peptide of six amino acids (EKQKEK) shared by PRSV CP and a proposed allergen ABA-1, a protein of the human parasite Ascaris lumbricoides or the pig parasite Ascaris suum. However, as noted previously by Suzuki et al.(29), the PRSV CP match to ABA-1 is not relevant with regards to allergenicity for several reasons: 1) the amino acid sequence is not repeated in the coat protein sequence, therefore it will not trigger the IgE response associated with allergens, 2) the ABA-1 proposed allergenic peptide was found to be not inherently allergenic outside the context of other Ascaris proteins (30), and 3) it is not among the officially recognized allergens found in the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) allergen database (http://www.allergen.org). An important aspect of assessing potential allergenicity is experimental testing for properties common to allergenic proteins such as stability in simulated gastro-intestinal fluids which include SGF and SIF. SGF was developed to represent the conditions in the human stomach (20) and basically consists of the main gastric protease pepsin in low pH medium. Some data suggests that proteins that are susceptible to gastrointestinal digestion are inherently safer than those that are stable especially in terms of allergenicity (5).

Restriction Endonuclease Digestion of Plasmid Dna

Introduction: With the execution of this experiment, we began to go deeper into the Cell and Molecular Biology course. The main focus of the experiment would be how the Restriction Endonucleases cleave the strands of DNA. For this experiment, pBR322 was the specimen to use. Restriction Endonucleases work by cleaving the sugar phosphate backbone of specific DNA sites. Restriction enzymes that have been isolated from bacteria have a defensive role. This idea is illustrated when an attacking foreign cell DNA is trying to alter the bacteria; restriction enzymes cleave the DNA rendering it inert.The second part of the experiment deals with Gel Electrophoresis. The samples are loaded into wells on an 1% agarose slab and subjected to electrical currents both positive and negative. Our current target here is DNA, therefore since nucleic acid as a negative charge, the bands will migrate toward the positive cathode. This process of migration is called sieving and smaller strands move faster th an longer strands due to their ease in going through the gel. The objectives of the experiment include:Learning the principles behind Restriction Enzymes and Gel Electrophoresis Applying the concepts in the experiment to produce bands at the end of the Gel Electrophoresis stage Interpreting what these bands mean with accordance to how the plasmid was cleaved Methods and Materials: For the experiment we used several restriction endonucleases (BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, PstI, ScaI, SaII), ppBR322 plasmid DNA, TAE/TE Buffer, DNA Ladder (50 Bp), Restriction Buffers, 1g of Agarose, 700ml of Distilled H2O. Equipment used for the experiment included: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis System, Uv-vis illuminator and Camera or a Gel doc-it documentation system.The first procedure began by adding 8. 5  µL sterile distilled H2O, 1. 0 µL of the appropriate 10x buffer, 1. 0 µL combination of the restriction endonucleases and 1. 0 µL of pBR322 plasmid DNA (the DNA would be added last) in 5 separate 1. 5ml microcentrifuge tubes, one tube is not to have an RE in it. The mixture was then incubated for 1 hour at 37  °C. No dry block heater was available so body heat was used. After incubation, 2 µL of gel loading dye (Bromphenol Blue) was added to each mixture and loaded in 1% agarose gel. The 50bp DNA ladder was placed in lane 1.It was then subjected to electrophoresis at 100V 250mA 50W. Agarose gel was prepared by dissolving 1g of agarose gel powder in 100mL distilled H2O in a microwave over. It was then cooled at 60 °C then poured in a gel casting tray. A comb was then put and the gel was left to solidify. Afterwards, the gel casting tray was placed into the submarine gel electrophoresis system. The TAE buffer was then placed. The samples were then loaded from left to right starting with the DNA ladder on lane with and the sample without any restriction enzyme on the extreme right.It was then covered and the anodes were connected on the side of the walls. They were connec ted to the power supply set at 100V 250 mA 50W and then run. When the tracking dye reached near the end point, the power supply was turned off. The gel was then removed and transferred into a developing try containing a 10 µL ethidium bromide pero 100ml buffer. It was then shook for 15 minutes. The get was then transferred to the documentation system and Rf values were measured. Pictures were taken and the gel was immersed in hypocholorite (chlorox) solution before discarding. Results and DiscussionThe group did not include a mix without restriction enzymes because doing so will lead to undigested or incompletely digested DNA. The DNA methyltransferase (DNA MTase) family of enzymes catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to DNA. DNA methylation serves a wide variety of biological functions. All the known DNA methyltransferases use S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. In prokaryotes, the major role of DNA methylation is to protect host DNA against degradation by restric tion enzymes. In eukaryotes, DNA methylation has been implicated in the control of several cellular processes, including ifferentiation, gene regulation, and embryonic development. Structural work on HhaI DNA methyltransferase demonstrates that the substrate nucleotide is completely flipped out of the helix during the modification reaction and has provided much insight into the enzymatic properties of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent DNA-modifying enzymes. Structural comparison of three enzymes, HhaI C5-cytosine methyltransferase, TaqI N6-adenine methyltransferase, and catechol O-methyltransferase, reveals a striking similarity in protein folding and indicates that many SAM-dependent methyltransferases have a common catalytic-domain structure.This feature permits the prediction of tertiary structure for other DNA, RNA, protein, and small-molecule methyltransferases from their amino acid sequences, including the eukaryotic CpG methyltransferases. Ethidium bromide is an interca lating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. It is commonly abbreviated as â€Å"EtBr†, which is also an abbreviation for bromoethane.When exposed to ultraviolet light, it will fluoresce with an orange colour, intensifying almost 20-fold after binding to DNA. Ethidium bromide is an â€Å"intercalating dye†, that is, it is able to slip itself into the DNA while essentially stacking itself between the bases of the helix. When it is inserted into the DNA, it becomes much more fluorescent when exposed to ultraviolet light as compared to ethidium bromide just in solution. So we can use it to visualize the DNA that has been resolved on a gel by electrophoresis.

Free Essays on Offensive Language

Offensive and Assaultive Due to the differentiating lifestyles and the changing values of today’s society, the line between assaultive and offensive language is unclear. To know the boundaries of certain people or groups is important when discussing particular issues or subjects that some hold close to heart. Figuring out these boundaries is a problem that people experience everyday. The audience judges what language is offensive and what is not. Then again, it is a subject that depends mostly on the ideas of the audience. For example, you would not discuss detailed sexual interactions with a kindergarten class. You would also not tell your grandmother how nice women’s breasts appear. These are all things that can be found offensive. Offensive language is rude, in that it is not polite or accepted in the place where it is being spoken. It disagrees with the personal beliefs of those who find it offensive. The line between offensive and assaultive language is so narrow and unclear that many of today’s disputes come by misinterpretations of both. Assaultive verbal language is at times taken simply as bad language or crude comments. It lies much deeper that many realize. To degrade something that many are proud of or hold dear to them is assaultive. It makes someone feel that they are less than what they are. If someone told a military general that the army was a waste of time, that would degrade the things he believes in. Telling a baseball player that sports are a waste of time is assaultive. Assaultive is anything that takes away from a person’s mental piece of mind. Telling someone that you will kill him or her is the more typical type of assaultive language, but there are many things such as petty name calling and childish insults that people never take into account. Many assaultive comments are taken for granted because in many places they are very common. It, however, is our constitutional right t... Free Essays on Offensive Language Free Essays on Offensive Language Offensive and Assaultive Due to the differentiating lifestyles and the changing values of today’s society, the line between assaultive and offensive language is unclear. To know the boundaries of certain people or groups is important when discussing particular issues or subjects that some hold close to heart. Figuring out these boundaries is a problem that people experience everyday. The audience judges what language is offensive and what is not. Then again, it is a subject that depends mostly on the ideas of the audience. For example, you would not discuss detailed sexual interactions with a kindergarten class. You would also not tell your grandmother how nice women’s breasts appear. These are all things that can be found offensive. Offensive language is rude, in that it is not polite or accepted in the place where it is being spoken. It disagrees with the personal beliefs of those who find it offensive. The line between offensive and assaultive language is so narrow and unclear that many of today’s disputes come by misinterpretations of both. Assaultive verbal language is at times taken simply as bad language or crude comments. It lies much deeper that many realize. To degrade something that many are proud of or hold dear to them is assaultive. It makes someone feel that they are less than what they are. If someone told a military general that the army was a waste of time, that would degrade the things he believes in. Telling a baseball player that sports are a waste of time is assaultive. Assaultive is anything that takes away from a person’s mental piece of mind. Telling someone that you will kill him or her is the more typical type of assaultive language, but there are many things such as petty name calling and childish insults that people never take into account. Many assaultive comments are taken for granted because in many places they are very common. It, however, is our constitutional right t...

Blanches psychological breakdown Essays - English-language Films

Blanche's psychological breakdown Essays - English-language Films Blanche's psychological breakdown English Blanche's psychological breakdown In Tennesse Williams' play, "A Streetcar Named Desire" the readers are introduced to a character named Blanche DuBois. In the plot, Blanche is Stella's younger sister who has come to visit Stella and her husband Stanley in New Orleans. After their first meeting Stanley develops a strong dislike for Blanche and everything associated with her. Among the things Stanley dislikes about Blanche are her "spoiled-girl" manners and her indirect and quizzical way of conversing. Stanley also believes that Blanche has conned him and his wife out of the family mansion. In his opinion, she is a good-for-nothing "leech" that has attached itself to his household, and is just living off him. Blanche's lifelong habit of avoiding unpleasant realities leads to her breakdown as seen in her irrational response to death, her dependency, and her inability to defend herself from Stanley's attacks. Blanches situation with her husband is the key to her later behavior. She married rather early at the age of sixteen to whom a boy she believed was a perfect gentleman. He was sensitive, understanding, and civilized much like herself coming from an aristocratic background. She was truly in love with Allen whom she considered perfect in every way. Unfortunately for her he was a homosexual. As she caught him one evening in their house with an older man, she said nothing, permitting her disbelief to build up inside her. Sometime later that evening, while the two of them were dancing, she told him what she had seen and how he disgusted her. Immediately, he ran off the dance floor and shot himself, with the gunshot forever staying in Blanches mind. After that day, Blanche believed that she was really at fault for his suicide. She became promiscuous, seeking a substitute men (especially young boys), for her dead husband, thinking that she failed him sexually. Gradually her reputation as a whore built up and everyone in her home town knew about her. Even for military personnel at the near-by army base, Blanche's house became out-of-bounds. Promiscuity though wasn't the only problem she had. Many of the aged family members died and the funeral costs had to be covered by Blanche's modest salary. The deaths were long, disparaging and horrible on someone like Blanche. She was forced to mortgage the mansion, and soon the bank repossessed it. At school, where Blanche taught English, she was dismissed because of an incident she had with a seventeen-year-old student that reminded her of her late husband. Even the management of the hotel Blanche stayed in during her final days in Laurel, asked her to leave because of the all the different men that had been seeing there. All of this, cumulatively, weakened Blanche, turned her into an alcoholic, and lowered her mental stability bit-by-bit. Her husband's death affects her greatly and determines her behavior from then on. Having lost Allan, who meant so much to her, she is blinded by the light and from then on never lights anything stronger than a dim candle. This behavior is evident when she first comes to Stella's and puts a paper lantern over the light bulb. Towards the end, when the doctor comes for Blanche and she says she forgot something, Stanley hands her her paper lantern. Even Mitch notices that she cannot stand the pure light, and therefore refuses to go out with him during the daytime or to well lit places. Blanche herself says "I can't stand a naked light bulb any more than ...". A hate for bright light isn't the only affect on Blanche after Allan's death - she needs to fill her empty heart, and so she turns to a lifestyle of one-night-stands with strangers. She tries to comfort herself from not being able to satisfy Allan, and so Blanche makes an effort to satisfy strangers, thinking that they need her and that she can't fail them like she failed Allan. At the same time she turns to alcohol to avoid the brutality of death. The alcohol seems to ease her through the memories of the night of Allan's death. Overtime the memory comes back to her, the musical tune from the incident doesn't end in her mind until she has something alcoholic to drink. All of these irrational responses to death seem to signify how Blanche's mind is unstable, and yet she tries to still be the educated, well-mannered, and attractive person that Mitch first sees her as. She tries to not let the horridness come out on top of her image, wanting in an illusive and magical

Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Obesity - Essay Example A big size of the budget on farm subsidies is spent on crops like wheat, corn, soybeans, rice and cotton. (Edwards). This is how nutritionists link obesity to farm subsidies. The products made from these crops are mostly unhealthy and contribute to the disease. Data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey shows 35.7% of adults and 17% of children and adolescents are obese. (Ogden) Americans have been battling obesity for a long time. One cause of the disease is eating unhealthy foods. I do not agree that farm subsidies should be blamed for American’s obesity problem. It is true that farm subsidies make food items cheap. However, Americans can choose not to buy these foods. Farm subsidies are not forcing consumers to buy their products. Currently, there are other healthier options in the market. There are Americans who are not obese by choice. If an individual really wanted to overcome obesity, it should not start and stop with just food choices. Also, the fast food industry should be challenged into creating their menu more health-friendly. Fast food is a necessary aspect of American culture because of how busy people are. Despite this, I believe sufficient research on the part of these fast food companies will enable them to create fast food items that are nutritious as well. Lastly, continuous information about the dangers of obesity and its causes should be given to schools and neighborhoods. Media can help with this. I think if people are constantly re minded about obesity they will start eating for their health and not for their

A Research on the marketing strategies of Meritus Mandarin Hotel and Dissertation

A Research on the marketing strategies of Meritus Mandarin Hotel and its position in the tourism industry - Dissertation Example The objective of the research paper is to analyze the reasons behind the adoption of various marketing strategies by the hotel. The research study will assess the present strategic position of the hotel and the tourism industry of Singapore. The study will also analyze the various factors which lead to increase in customer satisfaction and also provide recommendations for improving the marketing strategy and the brand positioning of the hotel. The first section of the study is the introductory part which includes a background analysis of Meritius Mandarin hotel and the tourism industry of Singapore. It also includes the academic objectives of the company. The second section of the study includes analysis of Mandarin Orchard Singapore’s branding position, pricing and revenue strategy, service recovery and complaint handling procedure of the Mandarin Orchard Singapore. In the third and the fourth section, analysis is done through correlation and regression to find out the attrac tive factors of the hotel. Finally, it concludes with recommendation to improve the ambience of the hotel, recreational facilities, food of the restaurant etc. Acknowledgements I would take this opportunity to thank and express my gratitude to my supervisor Mr. Justin Kung for his exemplary guidance in topics related to customer satisfaction, service quality and market. The constant guidance given by him throughout the project has helped me in attaining knowledge related to the project. I could not have completed the project without his help and guidance. I would also like to thank my classmates for sharing their opinions and experiences related with this project. Lastly, I would also like to thank my librarian for assisting and guiding me through a section of books related to marketing and hotel industry of Singapore. I could not have completed my project without the detailed information provided in the library books. Regards Desta lee Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Reasons for choosin g the topic Tourism has become a global activity because it is a part of the global process of change and development (Connell and Page, 2006). The importance of tourism has changed gradually over the years; it is an economic activity which promotes economic development and increases the economic growth of a country. Tourism is no longer confined to developed countries but also includes travel to the developing countries. Firstly, the mindset of the tourist has changed and they are seeking new destinations which offer relaxation and creative thinking. Secondly, the purchasing power of the people has also increased which has led to the increase in global tourism. Singapore has become one of the popular destinations of the world also known as food paradise of the world